Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long periods of time. Athens's naval supremacy would now be challenged without several of its most able military leaders and a demoralized navy. The war featured two periods of combat separated by a six-year truce. The defeat was immense. The year is 413 BC and the battle between Sparta and Athens continues to rage. Piraeus & The Long Wallsby Dept. In fact, though, hostilities broke out elsewhere when Thebes attacked Plataea, an ally of Athens, and in 431 BCE the Peloponnesian army led by the Spartan king Archidamos invaded and ravaged Attica. Then the Spartans promoted a new general. The treaty stated that Athens and Sparta would defend each other for the next 50 years. [9], Friction between Athens and the Peloponnesian states, including Sparta, began early in the Pentecontaetia; in the wake of the departure of the Persians from Greece, Sparta attempted to prevent the reconstruction of the walls of Athens (without the walls, Athens would have been defenseless against a land attack and subject to Spartan control), but was rebuffed. One of Sparta’s allies, Corinth, had directly engaged the Athenian army. The war was followed by the Thirty Year’s Peace although in reality hostilities never fully ceased and broke out into full war once again from 431 BCE. After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. The Peloponnesian War was a war fought in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta—the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece at the time (431 to 405 B.C.E.). It may have been a Spartan strategy to entice the Athenians out from behind their fortifications into open battle, a temptation that Athens, and particularly Pericles, always resisted. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese. This war shifted power from Athens to Sparta, making Sparta the most powerful city-state in the region. Peloponnesian War. Also in 420 BCE the new Athenian leader Alcibiades brokered an alliance between Athens, Argos, Elis and Mantineia. of History, US Military Academy (CC BY-SA). Not wishing to face what he felt would be a biased trial, Alcibiades fled to Sparta. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. This effectively ended the war, since Athens could not import grain or communicate with its empire without control of the sea.... more on Wikipedia Sparta's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention, and the congress voted against war with Athens. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos, or general, Pericles, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. Only twelve Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to Cyprus, carrying the strategos (general) Conon, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. in. [10] According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they "secretly felt aggrieved". When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Class, Faction and Policy 403–386 B.C., New York 2014, p. 80. The democrats at Samos, loyal to the bitter last, held on slightly longer, and were allowed to flee with their lives. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. List of every major Peloponnesian War battle, including photos, images, or maps of the most famous Peloponnesian War battles when available. Ancient Greek politics, philosophy, art and scientific achievements greatly influenced Western civilizations today. The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection, and many rejoined the Athenian side. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. Corinth forms coalitions against Athens. Sparta's subject allies have to pay 1000 talents annually. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. Ancient Greek warfare, meanwhile, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states, complete with atrocities on a large scale. In addition to this, Corinth and Thebes required retribution, demanding that the city be destroyed and all the people enslaved. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years. License. Hostilities resumed between Athens and Sparta with an assault launched by the Athenians at Sicily.
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