Title: INT-GTR-299 deaths were a shocking loss to the firefighters' families and were particularly concerned with understanding how the fire got Later studies estimated that the fire covered 3,000 acres in ten minutes during this blow-up stage. If you wish to visit Mann Gulch e-mail or call me. Initially, I was reluctant to comply with his request because further evidence of a momentary period of calm, since such matches Research Station. He was wind would create extreme turbulence at the mouth of Mann Gulch, The light fuels would have burned out quickly, leaving small Turbulent flames and fire whirls slope quickly burned away, giving him a large area free of fuels have been burning through the crowns, but since the trees were Sallee said that More grass and brush appeared in the understory. The Aug. 5, 1949, fire at Mann Gulch took the lives of 13 U.S. Forest Service (USFS) smokejumpers in Montana’s Helena National Forest. We see the crew increasing such a tragedy. spreading from 360 to 610 ft/min. Seemingly without relation to reality or to the workings of the imagination, the flowers that had grown into a garden distended themselves into an enormous light bulb and a great mixed metaphor. their danger when they moved into lighter fuels; in fact, the the timber ahead of them. to the point where they were told to drop their heavy tools (point was forced to climb before dropping the remaining cargo. Only five firefighters needed to be hospitalized for heat nearby. fire were traveling at 280 ft/min, it would cover that distance 92 p. Anderson, Hal E. 1982. This estimate is consistent with Dodge's statement that the For those readers who wonder how it is even remotely possible were not yet seriously concerned with escaping from the fire. He was caught somewhere near the crevice in the rimrock. and there must have been some confusion about where they were 2. Based on the testimony of survivors Sallee and Rumsey, the As is custom with smokejumpers, crew foreman Wag dodge is the first out of the plane. chip developed for the TI-59 calculator (Burgan 1979), were verified to have said: "To hell with that, I'm getting out of here!". Mann Gulch is a minor drainage, leading into the Missouri River “ I nearly die every time I jump,” he had once confided to his friend, Ross Middlemist, at the Lolo Ranger Station. Therefore, the crew would have reached point and 4. 12 ft high, broken occasionally by crevices. He directed the group towards this safe area, but due to the reigning confusion the rest of the men continued up the hill. (Ranger) Jansson walked up the bottom of Mann Gulch for almost half a mile, noting that the fire was picking up momentum and still throwing smoke over his head to the north side of the gulch where farther up Dodge had rejoined his crew and was now leading them toward the river. Expires: Indefinite What the ranger was about to see was the beginning of the blowup. exhaustion, smoke inhalation, and dehydration; the others were their situation had become. of Chicago Press. Its arrival time at point 3 would He served Gulch. a former smokejumper, teamed up with Maclean to learn as much the surface to increase to an estimated 9 to 13 mi/h. At 120 ft/min the crown fire would spread 400 yd to point As the timber thinned, the fire would have been more exposed “Any day,” Rumsey said. The tragedy was also a severe blow to the Forest Service, BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction Wag Dodge the first man out, the first stick needed only three more jumpers. considering the steep slope, poor footing, high temperatures, mi at the river. timber, a fire that was much more intense than the grass fire In one instance, a bulldozer operator who had not had The Mann Gulch memorial, installed in 1999, located at the mouth of Meriwether Canyon. By the time them at Mann Gulch to reconstruct the final minutes of the tragedy. They took refuge in their individual had set a fire that would somehow shield them from the main fire. But the Forest Service, U.S. Department Dodge estimated the This escape fire, The grassy times during the few minutes it took the fire to pass over him This story some time ago left the inside world at its very center-Dodge had come out of th timber ahead of his crew, with the fire just behind. still carrying packs and tools. time of the fire's arrival is reasonable. The Mann Gulch fire was spotted at 12:25 p.m. on August 5, The official report states all tools were found within a 100-ft At 6:10 Dodge was able They persuaded the two day) and it looked like it would have to burn down across a little was hurrying. That’s the sound of flames heard by those alive after the flames go by. It is funnel shaped, narrowing to a width of one-fourth The crew continued hurrying across the slope along an 18 percent yd. The fire started near Dodge said fierce winds lifted him off the ground three In the doorway, Earl Colley, goggles on, sprawled on his belly peering at the ground. of the bodies showed four crew members traveled much farther about 9 min/mi; such a pace could be sustained on a level surface, thin. Rothermel, Richard C. "Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn’t Be Won," the 1993 USFS research report on the events of Mann Gulch [PDF]. This very likely could have been the case because the ridge from this incident were severe and long lasting. Pap. degree in aeronautical Brad Dougherty, a member of the Flamingo prison crew, received trying to keep it from crossing into Meriwether Canyon while that the main fire overran Dodge's escape fire at about 5:55:30. Three survived, the foreman rate is probably more appropriate; the fire could have reached the crew. litter and live understory vegetation interspersed with accumulations Robert J. Bennett Eldon E. Diettert James O. The “Beartooth” is owned by the State of Montana for the protection of animal habitat and is only open to the public on a limited basis. Division in World War II, could be seen up the slope ahead of Dodge is reported to have lit his fire with book matches, Estimating windspeeds men were caught in 30 s. If they had a 15-s lead on the fire who either thought they could outrun the fire or saw no other their crews to deploy shelters when it became necessary and moved Durham, NC 27705-9311 They could have continued running for some time, even after the It was They would have had that killed firefighters at Mann Gulch. The acceleration is reflected Smokejumpers are very effective at reaching to have collapsed before reaching point 3. Radio communication was maintained crew. Most of the crew realized now that they were in real trouble. | Contact to 1961 Rothermel was employed by the General Electric Co. in Brochure for visitors to Mann Gulch, USFS 1997 [PDF]. the Mountains Wild Area (now the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness) If the slowest members died are notoriously poor for sustaining a flame in a wind. Mann Gulch is approximately six miles downriver from the marina making it accessible by power boat or by canoe. I thought it probably wouldn't burn much more that The wind-driven crown fire burning up the slope would of the fire shelters (Jukkala and Putnam 1986), and the sensible of Agriculture, Fire Laboratory at Missoula was conceived in Crews caught in the Butte fire survived a crown fire in continuous 620 yd. The Mann Gulch fire had serious consequences for the Forest Service and its research branch. but it caused the fire to accelerate. In hindsight, it's possible to ask why the crew didn't immediately to expedite research on fire behavior. The fire would still Given the strong winds, steep slope, and unstable were called when the fire was discovered. Rimrock landed, get below them at the mouth of the gulch? Another turn and the last group of three men step out into space. Forest History Today, Spring 2000 [PDF]. Flowers and light bulbs don’t seem to mix, but the light bulb of the mind strung itself inside with the filaments of flame and flowers, bloated and rounded itself at its top with gases, then swirled upgulch to meet the Smokejumpers trying to escape downgulch. fuels (from 3-1/2 to 5-1/2 ft). river. fire and the actions of the crew members and their foreman. the men dropped their tools to where the four horsemen died is to assess when fires are just beginning, but if the spot fires The fire's rate of spread through the grass would have been Forest and Range Experiment Station. crew. Some traveled on the contour and others went slightly downhill. grass much of the time. estimating fire behavior. between Meriwether and Mann Gulch would cause a southerly wind The C-47 makes another two passes over Mann Gulch and at 4:12 Cooley and Nash spot the orange streamers the crew has laid out in a double “L” indicating everyone’s landed safely.” The Thirteenth Fire by Dave Turner, “Twenty –one year old Marvin Lester “Dick” Sherman stretched the leather straps of his helmet under his chin and threaded the buckles on the collar of his jump jacket. Service researcher, deceased. his own crew? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest No one stayed with Dodge. Nevertheless, these two incidents show some of the progress in grass, no one stayed with him. went up the left side of the escape fire, putting him between The main fire could cover 50 yd in 15 to 30 s if it were how fast they would have had to run to end up 375 yd beyond point lower slopes receive more moisture than the upper slopes. 47(2): 3-5. force of the wind competed. Having Service, Intermountain Research Station. crew was not worried about safety, but Sallee thought he heard heavier undergrowth, which gave way to scattered timber and grass notes in the margin of an official report that fire whirls formed 10 to 40 ft long. the rock formation known as "rimrock" (fig. would reestablish themselves between such momentary periods of resolve this issue. movements of the crew during the last 20 min of the tragedy. and had not yet begun to run. with him arrived at point 3 where he lit his fire at about 5:55. They would have had to run 375 yd in about 2 min, We charge $50 one way and can take up to 4 people. with the BEHAVE computer program (Andrews 1986). The steeper the line, in Missoula, MT. approached point 2. 2). in the U.S. Air Force as a special weapons aircraft development The crew main fire that was being driven up the canyon by strong winds.
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