Offers insightful analytical and empirical distinctions about what makes civil resistance scholarship different from traditional studies of social movements and revolutions. For example, sometimes people have to struggle within or fight against their inner spaces, with their consciousness and, sometimes, with their fear before they can resist in the physical spaces. Some resistance movements are underground organizations engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military occupation or totalitarian domination. It deconstructs each of the misconceptions and offers counterarguments. ed. The reason is that these variations can define the nature and outcome of resistance. The Politics of Nonviolent Action. A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. In the Preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II on Land War, the Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs-tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants. We can look at a big-scale resistance movement such as Anti-globalization movement[10] that tries to resist the global trend of capitalist economic system. Bridges the analytical gap between the social movement and civil resistance literature. Notable examples include Umkhonto we Sizwe in South Africa, the Sons of Liberty in the American Revolution, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, and the National Resistance Army in Uganda, which were considered freedom fighters by supporters. A comprehensive comparison of violent and nonviolent strategies for challenging repressive governments. The Power of Nonviolence. In the age of advanced IT and mass consumption of social media, resistance can also occur in the cyberspace. More recently, Schock 2003, Schock 2005, Schock 2013, and Chenoweth and Stephan 2011 (also cited under Record of Civil Resistance and Structure, Agency, and Civil Resistance Movements) further developed civil resistance studies as a self-standing (albeit highly interdisciplinary) field of scholarly inquiry, distinct from studies of social movements, revolutions, or conflict resolution. [18] The degree to which this occurs depends on a variety of factors specific to the struggle in which a given freedom fighter group is engaged. A very useful introduction to the field of civil resistance. 5–7. For movements and phases of activity involving non-violent methods, see civil resistance and nonviolent resistance. Civil resistance is an applied discipline that takes stock of the lessons from both successful and failed nonviolent movements and campaigns in order to understand better how people, often those with no special status or privilege, are able to unify, self-organize, mobilize, and overcome oppression. These scholars addressed a number of myths about what civil resistance is and why it is effective. These are mostly, but not exclusively, of armed resistance movements. to the context of the events of 1939–45, and particularly to opposition movements in Axis-occupied countries. Any government facing violent acts from a resistance movement usually condemns such acts as terrorism, even when such attacks target only the military or security forces. See more. Please subscribe or login. x���r�q���)�� �s>H��Zrh�^Y2l]xu��%vIE����b�}���Uw�t m0=U����:v�O��?53����f�Z4�?4TΣ:�o�麙Mg�٢��m���~=۬�¦Y���ݪ�n�����}���sp\�i�����7�͢����l�v��c�V��CE����Ms���~������e���p�\�}�Q��L�7�}{�S`o. It may seek to achieve its objectives through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. %PDF-1.3 This is simply one attempt at a definition. However, some scholars believe and argue that looking at resistance in relation to only power and domination does not provide a full understanding of the actual nature of resistance. Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy, Lean Forward and Pull Back Options for US Grand Strategy, Mediation via International Organizations, National Liberation, International Law and Wars of. Civil resisters use a wide range of tactics, some of which may be visible or invisible, high risk or low risk, and economic, political, or social in nature. Resistance during World War II was mainly dedicated to fighting the Axis occupiers. A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. (sþ���B��>_�� }ו�����.���f�q�]�h�ė*r�_b��B.N��01�2K�;��S$��=�H����X,����f�iKt�����+�!X,6xU�o.~��Ȅ�cx��? This, in turn, enables civil resistance scholars to study the dynamics unique to this form of highly asymmetric conflict, in which an unarmed and nonviolent mass confronts an opponent that nearly always has greater capacity for violent repression. �M/��52]-�����@]V�)��l��H��\���}��mB��@��F?B*mm��W S� (�s9��!��aN�>of�)any@¸m'K�p9�0�A�� B��YB��Ae��n'e.����n�*��-��s�q'9�UZ��(P����/��H�H'��O:��H�(��+��D���K�����H�@�k��DAR�m��h��Ʌ$���/�~���P{7�r��I��$�/|�-�����ͅZa�9�D*X9�j�¯g�1���" 1���7@����r��q�.���f6o��P�l�S��:I����K������'�a��N܊%���̨��?g,���d( �)���I,Y��e��~^O(C��(��W��z3o6�=)�a�꩑ߡ���ʣ�U��?Q��uv,x��e��mz�{1��k�~x� Civil disobedience definition, the refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy, characterized by the employment of such nonviolent techniques as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes. Where partisan resources are stretched, improvised weapons are also deployed. Bondurant, Joan. Some resistance takes place in order to oppose, change, or reform the exploitation of the capitalist economic systems and the capitals, while other resistance takes place against the state or authority in power.
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